Inherent machine tool manufacturing errors: Errors in machine tool motion caused by the geometric shape, surface quality, and relative positional errors of the working surfaces of various machine components.
Machine tool control system errors: These include servo errors in the machine's axis systems (contour-following errors) and errors arising from CNC interpolation algorithms.
Thermal deformation errors: Errors caused by thermal deformation of the machine structure resulting from internal heat sources and environmental thermal disturbances.
Errors caused by deformation of the machining system under cutting loads: These include errors resulting from the deformation of the machine tool, cutting tool, workpiece, and fixture. This type of error is often referred to as "tool deflection" (or "springback").
Machine tool vibration errors: Due to the flexibility of the machining process and the variability of machining operations, CNC machine tools are more likely to enter unstable operating conditions during cutting, triggering intense chatter that degrades the workpiece's surface quality and causes geometric errors.
Inspection system errors: These include manufacturing and installation errors in measurement sensors, as well as sensor errors caused by inaccuracies in machine components and mechanisms and by operational deformation.
The six types of errors listed above are common issues in CNC machining that require mitigation or reduction through various methods, such as direct error reduction, error compensation, error transfer, error grouping, and in-situ machining.
Additionally, machining errors can also be caused by CNC programming mistakes, cutting tool errors, material non-uniformity, and environmental factors.
